Often 4–5 eggs are deposited in a row, usually near the leaf margin. The female cuts a slit in leaf tissue with her ovipositor and deposits eggs within the parenchyma. Adults mate within 12 h of emergence, and oviposition follows within three days. The wings also bear a black spot centrally near the anterior margin. The wings are marked with alternating bands of yellow and white. The head, thorax, and legs are yellow, and the abdomen is pale green. Adults emerge about 14–17 days after the puparia are formed. Initially, the puparium is greenish, but turns yellowish with age. The puparium measures 3.9 mm long (range 3.6–4.4 mm) and 1.7 mm wide (range 1.6–1.8 mm). Mature larvae pupate on the foliage, or more commonly they drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of about 1 cm for pupation. Larvae attain a length of about 7–8 mm at maturity. Duration of the three instars is reported to be 4–5, 3–5, and 4–5 days, respectively. Larvae normally leave their mine due to deterioration of the food source, usually moving to a new leaf. Larvae are quite mobile, moving freely not only within the mine, but also exiting and re-entering mines. Often, the mines coalesce to form a single blister containing several larvae. Within a few days, however, the larva begins to widen the tunnel, forming a blotch-like mine. Upon hatching, the larva burrows into leaf tissue and excavates a narrow tunnel. Development time for the egg is 6–8 days. One end bears a protruding knob, which functions as a micropyle. The elliptical egg is white and averages 0.72 mm long (range 0.64–0.74 mm) and 0.22 mm wide (range 0.18–0.23 mm). Chittenden (1912c) reported that adults emerge in August, but it is likely that some diapause as pupae until the next year. Life Cycle and Description.Īpparently there is only one generation per year-the eggs are deposited in early spring and the generation is completed by mid- to late-summer. (Pteromalidae) (Tauber and Toschi, 1964). (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Halticoptera sp. (both Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), but also recovered were Achrysocharella sp. Most abundant were Diglyphus begini (Ashmead) and Chrysocharis sp. Several parasitoids were reared from parsnip leafminer larvae or pupae in California. Several wild umbelliferous hosts have been recorded, including honewort, Cryptotaenia canadensis cow parsnip, Heracleum lanatum water hemlock, Conium maculatum Oenanthe sarmentosa as well as a composite, rattlesnake root, Prenanthes canadense ( Tauber and Toschi, 1965). Host Plants.Īs its name suggests, this insect feeds on parsnip. Euleia heraclei does not occur in North America. A very similar insect, Euleia heraclei (Linnaeus), occurs in Europe, where it is known as celery leafminer. There is some confusion in the literature surrounding this insect. Parsnip leafminer is found throughout the United States and eastern Canada. Capinera, in Handbook of Vegetable Pests, 2001 Parsnip Leafminer Euleia fratria (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae) Natural History Distribution.
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